Abstract: Diverse perspectives inform research on planetary environmental modification. Building on pioneering work by Carl Sagan, we now understand Mars as a world that once sustained rivers and lakes before experiencing global cooling - presenting unique opportunities for understanding planetary restoration. Some argue that a hospitable Mars could enable greater self-sufficiency compared to isolated outposts. Others are motivated by the scientific desire to learn about the universe, as the realization of humanity's dreams to explore the universe is assisted by expanded human presence. While some advocate preserving Mars in its current state, research can transform abstract debates into concrete technical assessments. A key scientific challenge in making Mars's surface suitable for Earth-like life is understanding planetary temperature modification. Recent advances in engineered-aerosol warming approaches (e.g. Ansari et al. Science Advances 2024) demonstrate unprecedented mass-efficiency (>5000x compared to traditional methods), opening new possibilities for stepwise research into planetary temperature modification. I will discuss what we know about Mars, what we think we know about Mars terraforming (including alternative approaches), and suggest priorities for future research. As we evaluate approaches ranging from minimal intervention to more extensive modification, we must rigorously assess technical requirements, resource efficiency, and risk management. While full planetary environmental enhancement would span multiple centuries, immediate research priorities can focus on understanding fundamental physical, chemical and biological constraints that will shape any future decisions about Mars.

Edwin Kite is a Resident at Astera Institute in Emeryville, CA, a associate professor with tenure at the University of Chicago, and a participating scientist on the Mars "Curiosity" rover. Following undergraduate work at the University of Cambridge, Kite moved to UC Berkeley for a PhD in the Earth and Planetary Science Department. Prior to joining the University of Chicago, Kite held prize postdoctoral fellowships at Caltech and at Princeton. Kite is a co-recipient of the Newcomb Cleveland Prize and a recipient of the AGU Greeley Early Career Award. Kite's research interests include Early Mars, small-radius exoplanets, and Mars terraforming.